Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. In 2005, only 17% of metal mines were underground operations raw materials data, stockholm 2010 but there are many instances where underground extraction of minerals is more costeffective than surface mining, typically when the given ore body is high grade or very deep. Intelligent mining technology for an underground metal. Some heavy metals have bioimportance but the biotoxic effects of many of them in human health are of great concern. Results of metal concentration at 95% confidence limit sample station metal concentration in mgkg dry weight n10 mn cr cd as ni pb oct 0. Operating risk assessment for underground metal mining systems 189 equipment, schedule, groundrelated problems in the simula tion and investigating their impact on the financial indicator npv. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Y ounger 9 umweltbundesamt cp035 2004 x extraction of as much valuable mineral product as possible. Fording river produces both metallurgical coking coal for the steel industry. Epas national hardrock mining framework pdf 14 pp, 108 k.
Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. To name a mineral prospect an ore body requires more information than needed to establish metal grades. Excavation and the construction of an important range of infrastructure workplaces, power supply, transport, drainage and pumping, maintenance are required in order to. The penetration rates achieved by the machine in most of these projects were far above the capabilities of any drill. Published by the american geosciences institute environmental awareness series. Hanekom mine design, scheduling, and modifying factors methodology applied to big blocks compared with individual panels d. Some mining operations will need to obtain air permits from the dnr air management program as well. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Underground method is used when ore body is thin or narrow and extends much below. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide.
The dnr nonmetallic mining program works to ensure local and county governments and mine operators across the state follow standards for mine reclamation, and provides assistance in developing mine reclamation plans and using a variety of materials in reclamation. The metalliferous mines regulations, 1961 chapter i. Policy on joint repositories at mixedownership hardrock mine sites pdf 7 pp, 381 k april 2005. Mining has become prominent in this area because of the existence of copper lodes, veins and veinlets.
It also produces iron ores, rare earth metals, and precious metals and stones. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any nonrenewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water. Fire, flood, collapse, toxic atmospheric contaminants, and dust or gas explosion are the most critical hazards specifically linked to underground mining. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Kiruna began its mining operations around 1900 using surface methods. Operating risk assessment for underground metal mining systems 189 equipment, schedule, groundrelated problems in the simula tion and investigating their. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. This was followed by several attempts in 60s and 70s in other underground mining operations including coal mining in england. Economic value of the ore and grade distribution within the deposit. The environmental toll of underground mining is significant. Minto mine underground mine development and operations. Airway any passage in a mine along which an air current moves.
This chapter is presented for convenience, and should be read in conjunction with the full report and its analyst certifications and important disclosures. The revenue from the sale of the ore keeps the venture going and finances further development. Application of tunnel boring machines in underground mine. Challenges in underground mine planning hyam rubinstein. Pdf operating risk assessment for underground metal mining. Thus, intelligent mining technology for an underground mine based on unmanned equipment was verified. Heavy metals concentrations in coal and sediments adaikpoh, e o. This pdf is a selection from an outofprint volume from the national bureau of economic research volume title. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. Underground mining is generally more selective than open pit. Injury risk rates are derived, and ignition source, methods of detection and suppression, and other variables are examined. The gestation period for underground metal mine is comparatively longer, usually 45 years of which shaft sinking alone would take 23 years. Injury risk rates are derived, and ignition source, methods of detection and. Final policy on listing mixed ownership mine or mill sites created as a result of the general mining law of 1872 on the federal agency hazardous waste compliance docket pdf 4 pp, 281 k june 2003.
Other articles where underground mining is discussed. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. The gleision colliery tragedy reminds us of how dangerous mining jobs can be and how specifically hazardous underground mining remains. The southern african institute of mining and metallurgy platinum 2012 547 d. Bam november 2012 hyam rubinstein with melbourne network group marcus brazil, peter grossman, david lee, doreen thomas nick wormald challenges in underground mine planning. For decades cable bolts installed in underground metal mines in the. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. A three dimensional model of an underground mine with shaft access. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world.
Intelligent mining technology for an underground metal mine. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. In the united kingdom and south africa, a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine is a. Cable support guidelines for underground hard rock circle the. The following is a chapter from global gambits s the right moves for right now, dated june 28, 2006. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Nov 02, 2011 underground mining, underground mining methods. Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre. It covers the breaking and removal of ore from underground openings except those driven for explo. Metal mining involves more detailed exploration and creful planning before opening up a mine, particularly an underground mine. Blasting related hazards must also be added to that list. Minto mine qml0001 underground mine development and operations plan june 2014 1 background this underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of quartz mining icence qml00l01 for the development and mining of the underground at minto mine, owned by minto explorations ltd.
Minto mine underground mine development and operations plan. Underground mining hard rock wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Specific and nonspecific hazards in underground mines. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. This work resulted from close collaboration between industry and university in the fields of precompetitive research. Underground method is used when ore body is thin or narrow and extends much below surface newman et al. This pdf is a selection from an outofprint volume from. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. The metalliferous mines regulations, 1961 chapter i preliminary. The angle of dip varies from 15 to 20, and up to 85 and even 90, with the horizon.
Hanekom anglo platinum abstract over the past couple of years, anglo platinum has made extensive use of technology within the. The solution our cast resin drytype transformers fully meet the safety demands of underground mining. Operations were focused solely on open pit mining from 2007. Underground mining fact sheet ohio department of natural resources division of mineral resources management dmrm minerals. Implementing a production schedule at lkabs kiruna mine 126 interfaces342,pp. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.
Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Mine design, scheduling, and modifying factors methodology. Support of underground excavations in hard rock is the most complete and uptodate manual for use in the design of excavations and support mechanisms for underground mines. Some ore deposits found in jasperslates and in the horizon between these and their associated clayslates. Additionally, our compact designed substation solution saved this copper mine in subsaharan africa a lot of manual labor, time and money. This underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of quartz mining icence qml00l01 for the development and mining of the underground at minto mine, owned by minto explorations ltd. The booklet offers new tools for raising awareness and understanding of the impact and issues surrounding metal mining and the environment. In underground mining, development required to reach. They are found in this jasper and clayslate formation under varied conditions, yet, in all, certain characteristic laws are preserved. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. It was therefore necessary to assess these selected metals associated with copper mining as their concentration has a tendency to affect the environment and human health. Heavy metals concentrations in coal and sediments from. Glossary of mining terminology after damp gasses resulting from underground combustion, normally carbon monoxide.
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Intelligent mining technologies for underground metal mines are the concrete embodiment of chinas national policy of upgrading traditional industries through modern and cuttingedge technologies. After the ore body has been delineated and defined, a company may make several feasibility studies to determine the best way to mine the ore. Sufficient knowledge of the mineral deposit, mining. Heavy metal pollution in water and soil is a serious concern to human health and the associated environment. Army aeromedical research laboratory, fort rucker, al. This is a loose term implying any fatal gas in a mine after an explosion or fire. Modern mining operations actively strive to mitigate potential environmental consequences of extracting metals, and such operations are strictly regulated in the united states. Code pdf exit dnr, the dnr nonmetallic mining program is responsible for ensuring uniform statewide implementation of nonmetallic mining reclamation requirements.
Mining is the process of excavating a material which is naturally occurring from the earth to get profit. It includes air pollution, changes in waterflow patterns, chemical and gas seepage into water supplies and soil, inaccessible fires in abandoned mines, and dramatic changes in land composition that can make the area unusable after the mining operation is done source. Underground metal mining underground mining methods adapt to the conditions and form of the rock, as well as to the dimensions, strength and stability of the mineralized body. Operating risk assessment for underground metal mining. Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Air shaft a vertical opening into a mine for the passage of air. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. Larger companies in this industry are vertically integrated. Geotechnical considerations in underground miningdepartment of industry and resources guideline document no zme723qt 1. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Centers for disease control and prevention national institute for occupational safety and health. Although it emphasizes metal mining, much of the information is also valuable to our.